Monday, October 9, 2017

summation - Proofing sumnk=0(1)knchoosek(a1+kd)=0



I came across this following problem in an old math textbook:




Proof that nk=0(1)k(nk)ak+1=0 where n2, (nk) is the binomial coefficient and (ak) is an arithmetic sequence of the form ak=a1+(k1)d with a1,dR.





My first try was to proof it with induction, but it wasn't useful. Furthermore I tried "seperating" the sum into odd and even indices by writing a sum as nk=0zk=αk=0z2k+1+βk=0z2k where α and β depend on n. It would be a pleasure if you helped me.



Edit: I forgot to mention that derivatives weren't introduced yet in this textbook so I'm looking for ways without using them.


Answer



We need to prove nk=0(1)k(nk)xk,nk=0(1)k(nk)kxk1 each vanish at x=1. These functions are respectively (1x)n and its derivative, n(1x)n1. We can also avoid calculus in the second problem by noting nk=0(1)k(nk)k=nk=1(1)k(nk)k=nnk=1(1)k(n1k1)=nn1j=0(1)k(n1j),thus reducing to the first problem.


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