I came across this following problem in an old math textbook:
Proof that n∑k=0(−1)k(nk)ak+1=0 where n≥2, (nk) is the binomial coefficient and (ak) is an arithmetic sequence of the form ak=a1+(k−1)d with a1,d∈R.
My first try was to proof it with induction, but it wasn't useful. Furthermore I tried "seperating" the sum into odd and even indices by writing a sum as n∑k=0zk=α∑k=0z2k+1+β∑k=0z2k where α and β depend on n. It would be a pleasure if you helped me.
Edit: I forgot to mention that derivatives weren't introduced yet in this textbook so I'm looking for ways without using them.
Answer
We need to prove ∑nk=0(−1)k(nk)xk,∑nk=0(−1)k(nk)kxk−1 each vanish at x=1. These functions are respectively (1−x)n and its derivative, −n(1−x)n−1. We can also avoid calculus in the second problem by noting n∑k=0(−1)k(nk)k=n∑k=1(−1)k(nk)k=nn∑k=1(−1)k(n−1k−1)=nn−1∑j=0(−1)k(n−1j),thus reducing to the first problem.
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