Evaluate the following limit
lim
where n\in\mathbb{N}.
I want to find this limit, if it is possible, without using L'Hopital's rule, derivatives and function series. I want to solve it algebraically. I tried to reduce this limit to some form where I can use other well-known limits at x\to0 such as \frac{\sin x}{x}=1,\frac{e^x-1}{x}=1,\frac{\ln(1+x)}{x}=1,\frac{(1+x)^k-1}{x}=k,(1+x)^\frac{1}{x}=e. Also, I can use "exponential beats polynomial" rule x\ln x=0.
So far I made many attempts. Because there is e^x in the numerator, I tried to apply \frac{e^x-1}{x}=1 somewhere. I wrote limit as
\lim_{x\to0}\frac{\frac{e^x-1}{x}-\frac{\sum_{k=1}^{n}\frac{x^k}{n!}}{x}}{x^n}
But, I cannot apply known limit here because I still have x^n\to0 in the denominator.
After that, I tried to substitute t=e^x, but it didn't help me. Also, I tried to separate these expressions in the numerator to get something similar to known limits, but I could't.
My another attempt was induction. For n=1 limit becomes
\lim_{x\to0}\frac{e^x-x-1}{x^2}
But, I still couldn't reduce this fraction to some well-known form.
Is there any way to solve this limit without using derivatives, inequalities or geometrical approach? How we can apply well-known limits here?
Answer
By the Taylor Theorem,
e^x=\sum_{k=0}^n\frac{x^n}{n!}+\frac{e^\theta}{(n+1)!}x^{n+1}
where \theta is between 0 and x. So
\begin{eqnarray} \lim_{x\to0}\frac{e^x-\sum_{k=0}^n\frac{x^n}{n!}}{x^{n+1}}=\lim_{x\to0}\frac{e^\theta}{(n+1)!}=\frac{1}{(n+1)!}. \end{eqnarray}
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