Wednesday, August 24, 2016

complex analysis - How to finish proof of $ {1 over 2}+ sum_{k=1}^n cos(kvarphi ) = {sin({n+1 over 2}varphi)over 2 sin {varphi over 2}}$




I'm trying to prove the identity $$ {1 \over 2}+ \sum_{k=1}^n \cos(k\varphi ) = {\sin({n+1 \over 2}\varphi)\over 2 \sin {\varphi \over 2}}$$



What I've done so far:



From geometric series $\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}q = {1-q^n \over 1 - q}$ for $q = e^{i \varphi}$ and taking the real part on both sides I got



$$ \sum_{k=0}^{n-1}\cos (k\varphi ) = {\sin {\varphi \over 2} - \cos (n\varphi) + \cos (n-1)\varphi \over 2 \sin {\varphi \over 2}}$$



I checked all my calculations twice and found no mistake. Then I used trigonometric identities to get




$$ {1 \over 2} + \sum_{k=1}^{n-1}\cos (k\varphi ) + {\cos n\varphi \over 2 } = {\sin \varphi \sin (n \varphi ) \over 2 \sin {\varphi \over 2}}$$




How to finish this proof? Is there a way to rewrite



$\sin \varphi \sin (n \varphi )$ as



$\sin({n+1 \over 2}\varphi) - \sin {\varphi \over 2} \cos (n \varphi)
$?




Answer



There is a mistake in the real part.



$$
\frac{q^n - 1}{q - 1} = \frac{e^{in\phi} - 1}{e^{i\phi} - 1}
= \frac{e^{i(n-1/2)\phi} - e^{-i\phi/2}}{e^{i\phi/2} - e^{-i\phi/2}}
= \frac{- i e^{i(n-1/2)\phi} + i e^{-i\phi/2}} {2\sin{\phi/2}}
$$
the real part is

$$
\frac{\sin ((n-1/2)\phi) + \sin(\phi/2)} {2\sin{\phi/2}}
$$
yielding the right result.






However, there is a simpler solution:
$$
1 + 2\sum_{k=1}^n \cos k\phi

= 1+ \sum_{k=1}^n \left(e^{i k\phi} + e^{-i k\phi}\right) = \sum_{k=-n}^n e^{i k\phi}
$$
which simplifies to
$$
e^{-i n\phi} \frac{1 - e^{i (2n+1)\phi}}{1 - e^{i\phi}}
= \frac{e^{-i (n + 1/2)\phi} - e^{i (n + 1/2)\phi}}
{ e^{-i\phi/2} - e^{i\phi/2}} = \frac{\sin((n + 1/2)\phi)}{\sin(\phi/2)}
$$


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