Friday, May 31, 2019

real analysis - A discontinuous function such that $f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y)$




Is it possible to construct a function $f \colon \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}$ such that $$f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y)$$ and $f$ is not continuous?


Answer



"Fix a basis for $\mathbb R$ as a $\mathbb Q$-vector space" (which exists under the axiom of choice, but under weaker axioms I have no idea what happens). The condition $f(x+y) = f(x) + f(y)$ is equivalent to $f$ being $\mathbb Q$-linear, so you're asking if there exists a non-trivial discontinuous map of $\mathbb Q$-vector spaces between $\mathbb R$ and itself. If you map the basis elements to other basis elements in a discontinuous way, you will obtain such a map.



Added : A quick way to see that "a discontinuous way of doing it" exists, is that the set of $\mathbb Q$-linear maps that are also $\mathbb R$-linear has cardinality of the reals, where as the set of all $\mathbb Q$-linear maps (or in other words, the number of maps between the basis elements) has cardinality $|\mathbb R|^{|\mathbb R|}$. To understand why, well of course the basis for $\mathbb R$ as a $\mathbb Q$-vector space has cardinality $\le |\mathbb R|$, but if it was countable, then $\mathbb R$ would be countable because all of its elements would be a linear combination of elements in a countable set with countably many possible coefficients. Since the basis for $\mathbb R$ as a $\mathbb Q$-vector space is uncountable, the set of all maps from a basis to another also is. Therefore there must be at least one map between the two bases which generates a discontinuous linear map.



Hope that helps,



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