Tuesday, December 20, 2016

real analysis - Prove that limntoinftyfracn(n!)frac1n=e


I have solved the problem in just 2 lines using a theorem which asserts that


"Let un be a real sequence such that un>0nN and lim (finite of infinite). Then \lim_{n \to \infty} (u_n)^{1 \over n} =\ell "



To prove the aforesaid limit, I fix u_n={n^n \over n!}. Then u_n>0 \forall n \in \mathbb{N} and \lim_{n \to \infty}\frac{u_{n+1}}{u_n}= \lim_{n \to \infty}(1+{1 \over n})^n=e.


Then it follows from the above theorem that \lim_{n \to \infty} (u_n)^{1 \over n} =e i.e. \lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{n}{(n!)^\frac{1}{n}} = e . (Proved)


But I am trying to prove it without using the theorem. I am trying to get a generic proof.


Can anyone provide a proper wayout for this?


Thanks for your help in advance.


Answer



EDIT: As pointed out in the comments, even though the final inequality is correct, it is insufficient since (n+1)^{1/n} \to 1 as n \to \infty. The lower bound can be obtained as shown in @adfriedman's answer.


Here's my take on it: Whenever n \geq 3, we have n^n \geq (n+1)!, and thus n^n \geq (n+1)n! \quad \Leftrightarrow \quad \frac{n}{n!^{\frac{1}{n}}} \geq (n+1)^{\frac{1}{n}}. On the other hand, the Taylor expansion of e^n gives \frac{n^n}{n!} \leq \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \frac{n^k}{k!} = e^n \quad \Leftrightarrow \quad \frac{n}{n!^{\frac{1}{n}}} \leq e. So, (n+1)^{\frac{1}{n}} \leq \frac{n}{n!^{\frac{1}{n}}} \leq e. Apply the Squeeze Theorem.


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