Monday, December 30, 2019

linear algebra - To find eigenvalues of matrix with all same element


How many distinct eigenvalues are there in the matrix.


$$ \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ \end{bmatrix} $$



I was wondering that is there any specific eigenvalues for matrices like this??


I hope I wouldn't have to find the determinant of this 4×4 matrix.


Answer



Note that $$\left(\begin{matrix}1&1&1&1\\ 1&1&1&1\\ 1&1&1&1\\ 1&1&1&1\end{matrix}\right)\left(\begin{matrix} a\\ b\\ c\\ d\end{matrix}\right)=\left(\begin{matrix} a+b+c+d\\ a+b+c+d\\ a+b+c+d\\ a+b+c+d\end{matrix}\right)$$ If $a=b=c=d$, then $$\left(\begin{matrix}1&1&1&1\\ 1&1&1&1\\ 1&1&1&1\\ 1&1&1&1\end{matrix}\right)\left(\begin{matrix} a\\ a\\ a\\ a\end{matrix}\right)=4\left(\begin{matrix} a\\ a\\ a\\ a\end{matrix}\right)$$ Hence $4$ is an eigenvalue.


Also see that since all the columns of the matrix are same, the rank of the matrix is $1$. So $4$ is the only non zero eigenvalue. $0$ is the other eigenvalue, with eigenvector, for example $(a~-a~a~-a)^t$.


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