calculus - Show that every monotonic increasing and bounded sequence is Cauchy.

The title is kind of misleading because the task actually to show

Every monotonic increasing and bounded sequence $(x_n)_{n\in\mathbb{N}}$ is Cauchy

without knowing that:

• Every bounded non-empty set of real numbers has a least upper
  bound. (Supremum/Completeness Axiom)


• A sequence converges if and only if it is Cauchy. (Cauchy
  Criterion)


• Every monotonic increasing/decreasing, bounded and real
  sequence converges to the supremum/infimum of the codomain (not sure
  
  if this is the right word).

However, what is allowed to use listed as well:

• A sequence is called covergent, if for $\forall\varepsilon>0\,\,\exists N\in\mathbb{N}$ so that $|\,a_n - a\,| < \varepsilon$ for $\forall n>N$. (Definition of Convergence)


• A sequence $(a'_k)_{k≥1}$ is called a subsequence of a sequence $(a_n)_{n≥1}$, if there is a monotonic increasing sequence $(n_k)_{k≥1}\in\mathbb{N}$ so that $a'_{k} = a_{n_{k}}$ for $\forall k≥1$. (Definition of a Subsequence)


• A sequence $(a_n)_{n≥1}$ is Cauchy, if for $\forall\varepsilon>0\,\,\exists N=N(\varepsilon)\in\mathbb{N}$ so that $|\,a_m - a_n\,| < \varepsilon$ for $\forall m,n>N$. (Definition of a Cauchy Sequence)


• (Hint) The sequence $(\varepsilon\cdot\ell)_{\ell\in\mathbb{N}}$ is unbounded for $\varepsilon>0$. (Archimedes Principle)

Would appreciate any help.

Answer

If $x_n$ is not Cauchy then an $\varepsilon>0$ can be chosen (fixed in the rest) for which, given any arbitrarily large $N$ there are $p,q \ge n$ for which $p\varepsilon.$

Now start with $N=1$ and choose $x_{n_1},\ x_{n_2}$ for which the difference of these is at least $\varepsilon$. Next use some $N'$ beyond either index $n_1,\ n_2$ and pick $N'\varepsilon.$ Continue in this way to construct a subsequence.

That this subsequence diverges to $+\infty$ can be shown using the Archimedes principle, which you say can be used, since all the differences are nonnegative and there are infinitely many differences each greater than $\varepsilon$, a fixed positive number.