Saturday, November 26, 2016

inequality - Showing the "only if" direction of equality in a complex equality



How can I finish off the "only if" direction? I am just unable to prove the only if direction! Using the induction hypothesis and the triangle inequality is confusing me for some reason.




Show that
|z1+z2++zn|=|z1|+|z2|++|zn|
if and only if zk/z0 for any integers k and , k,n, for which z0.



We show the "if" direction first. Suppose that zk/z0. Without loss of generality, suppose that z1 is nonzero. Otherwise, we could reduce to |z2++zn|=|z2|++|zn|, where z2,,zn are all nonzero. Then we have:
|z1+z2++zn| =|z1||1+z2z1++znz1|=|z1|(1+z2z1++znz1)           Since ziz10=|z1|(1+|z2z1|++|znz1|)=|z1|(1+|z2||z1|++|zn||z1|)=|z1|+|z2|++|zn|
To show the "only if" direction, we use induction. For n=2, we want to
find a condition for which |z1+z2|=|z1|+|z2|. From the book and class discussions, we see that equality occurs if z1 and z2 are collinear. Provided the valid assumption of z20, we have that a necessary and sufficient condition, for which |z1+z2|=|z1|+|z2|, is z1/z20.



Thanks!


Answer



If zk/zl is not 0 for some integers k and l, let k=1 and l=2 without loss of generality. You already know that |z1+z2|<|z1|+|z2|. Then
|z1+z2++zn||z1+z2|+|z3|++|zn|<|z1|+|z2|+|z3|++|zn|,
which means |z1+z2++zn|=|z1|+|z2|++|zn| does not hold. Q.E.D.



The triangle inequality, which I used in the first line, can be shown by induction easily.


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