Tuesday, June 12, 2018

elementary set theory - Bijective Function between Uncountable Set of Real numbers and a set of all functions




Let S be the set of all real numbers in (0,1) having a decimal representation which only uses the digits 0 and 1. So for example, the number 1/9 is in S because 1/9=0.1111, the number 1/100 is in S because we could write 1/100=0.010000, but 1/2 is not in S because 1/2=0.5 which contains the digit 5 (or 1/2=0.49999 which contains 4 and 9).




(a) Prove that S is uncountable. [Hint: use a proof similar to the proof of Theorem 10.8.]



(b)Let T={1,2}N be the set of all functions f:N{1,2},where N is the set of all positive integers. Find a bijection between the sets S and T, and thus conclude that T is uncountable.




(c) Prove that the set N{1,2} of all functions f:{1,2}N is denumerable.






We solved question (a) and know S is uncountable, we are looking to do (b) and if anyone wants to give a hint for (c) that would be great.
I'm having trouble with notation, but we think:



T={{(i,ai+1):iN}:n corresponds to some real number cS}
g:ST={(cm,{(i,ai+1):iN}}, where cm is an arbitrary element of S.




Then we tried to show g is one-to-one and onto and didn't make much progress.



Alternatively, we thought of defining:
g={(c,f(i))}, where cS and f(i)={2 if ai=01 if ai=1


Answer



Thank you everyone for the feedback and suggestions. Andre, your suggestions for question 2(b) were very helpful, but not so much for 2(c) and we did something completely different.



Our solutions for 2(b) and 2(c) were:



2(b)

Prove that: T={1,2}N is uncountable.



For cS, we know c=0.a1a2a3..., where for the digit ai of c, iN. Then for T={1,2}N, we map c to a subset B=T{(1,1),(2,1),(3,1),...}, of T to ensure that 0.000..., does not have an image in B, since 0.000...S. Define the elements fB as, f={(i,bi)|iN,bi{1,2}}, where bi=ai+1. By Result 2, we know S is uncountable, so if we can show that there exists a bijective function g:SB, then B must be uncountable. We now show this for g={(c,f)|cS,fB}, and since BT, then by Theorem 10.9, T would be uncountable. For g to be onto we take an arbitrary element fB, where f={(1,b1),(2,b2),(3,b3),...}, which can also be written as {b1,b2,b3,...} or f={bi}i=1, where bi{1,2}. Then, for c=0.a1a2a3..., the ith digit ai is given by ai=bi1. So, c=0.b11 b21 b31..., therefore, since all cS have unique decimal representations, for any arbitrary fB, there exists a cS, g:SB is onto. For g to be one-to-one, we assume for c1,c2S, that g(c1)=g(c2), where c1=0.x1x2x3..., and c2=0.y1y2y3..., with xi,yi{0,1}. So, g(0.x1x2x3...)=g(0.y1y2y3...), then, {x1+1,x2+1,x3+1,...}={y1+1,y2+1,y3+1,...}. Since for every digit xi of c1 and every digit y2 of c2, xi+1=yi+1, then xi=yi. So, any arbitrary digit of c, is equal to any arbitrary digit of c2, and all cS have unique decimal representations, so c1=c2. Thus, g is one-to-one. So, since g:SB is one-to-one and onto it is bijective and so |S|=|B|. Since BT, and B is uncountable, by Theorem 10.9, T is uncountable.



2(c)
There is a table and figure included in our proof, but I'll list out some of what we had:



Let f be an arbitrary function fN{1,2} so that f is of the form f={(1,a),(2,b)|a,bN}. We list the entries for a and b as their own ordered pair in the following table:
If we traverse this table as shown, we hit the ordered pair that gives the values for a and b for every possible function f={(1,a),(2,b)}. So, the set of all functions f:{1,2}N can be listed in a sequence as:
N{1,2}={{(1,1),(2,1)},{(1,1),(2,2)},{(1,2),(2,1)},{(1,1),(2,3)},{(1,2),(2,2)},{(1,3),(2,1)},{(1,1),(2,4)},...}
Therefore, N{1,2} is denumerable.


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