I am given:
f(z)=∞∑n=0(−1)n2n+1(2z1−z2)2n+1
And asked to show that this complex function series converges uniformly for |z|≤13. I am also asked to determine its complex derivative in simplified form.
1) I try:
f′(z)=2z2+2(1−z2)2⋅∞∑n=1(−1)n2n+1⋅(2n+1)(2z1−z2)2n
Here I pulled out the factor from the chain rule (+quotient rule) as it does not depend on n.
f′(z)=2z2+2(1−z2)2⋅∞∑n=1(−1)n(2z1−z2)2n
However, I seem to now be missing the factor of 2n in the enumerator as I wanted it to be a complex cosine, what went wrong here? I also do not have the right index yet, I suspect this may be related to my problem.
2) For convergence I recognise this as a power series so I can use one of the many tests, I will use the ratio test:
lim
For convergence we need \frac{4 |z|^2}{|1-z^2|^2} <1
Observe by reverse triangle inequality \frac{2 |z|}{|z^2-1|} \leq \frac{2 |z|}{||z|^2-1|}
Now since |z|\leq 1/3, we have 1\geq ||z|^2 -1| \geq \frac{8}{9} or 1\leq \frac{1}{||z|^2 -1|} \leq \frac{9}{8} therefore
\frac{2 |z|}{|z^2-1|} \leq 2 \cdot 1/3 \cdot 9/8 =3/4
The square of this is expression is what we are interested in, this is 9/16<1
Answer
Observe for |z|\leq \frac{1}{3} We have:
|f_n|=\left| \frac{(-1)^n}{2n+1} \left(\frac{2z}{1-z^2}\right)^{2n+1} \right| = \frac{1}{2n+1} \left|\left(\frac{2z}{1-z^2}\right)\right|^{2n+1}
By reverse triangle inequality we get:
|f_n|\leq \left|\left(\frac{2|z|}{|1|-|z^2|}\right)^{2n+1} \right|=\left|\left(\frac{2|z|}{|1|-|z|^2}\right)^{2n+1} \right| \leq \left(\frac{2 / 3}{1-1/9}\right)^{2n+1}=(\frac 3 4)^{2n+1} = \frac{3}{4} \cdot \left(\frac{9}{16}\right)^n= M_n
By the Weiserstrass M-test \sum M_n is a convergent infinite geometric series hence the original sum is convergent in the ball of radius \frac 1 3.
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