I am in the process of proving
I=∫∞0arctanxx4+x2+1dx=π28√3−23G+π12log(2+√3)
And I have gotten as far as showing that
2I=π24√3+J
Where
J=∫∞0log(x2−x+1x2+x+1)dx1+x2
Then we preform x=tanu to see that
J=∫π/20log(2+sin2x2−sin2x)dx
Which I have been stuck on for the past while. I tried defining
k(a)=∫π/20log(2+sin2ax)dx
Which gives
J=k(1)−k(−1)
Then differentiating under the integral:
k′(a)=2∫π/20xcos2ax2+sin2axdx
We may integrate by parts with u=x to get a differential equation
ak′(a)+k(a)=π2log(2+sinπa)
With initial condition
k(0)=π2log2
And from here I have no idea what to do.
I also tried tangent half angle substitution, but that just gave me the original expression for J.
I'm hoping that there is some really easy method that just never occurred to me... Any tips?
Edit
As was pointed out in the comments, I could consider
P(a)=12∫π0log(a+sinx)dx⇒P(0)=−π2log2
And
Q(a)=12∫π0log(a−sinx)dx=12∫π0log[−(−a+sinx)]dx=12∫π0(log(−1)+log(−a+sinx))dx=iπ2∫π0dx+12∫π0log(−a+sinx)dx=iπ22+P(−a)
Hence
J=P(2)−Q(2)=P(2)−P(−2)−iπ22
So now we care about P(a). Differentiating under the integral, we have
P′(a)=12∫π0dxa+sinx
With a healthy dose of Tangent half angle substitution,
P′(a)=∫∞0dxax2+2x+a
completing the square, we have
P′(a)=∫∞0dxa(x+1a)2+g
Where g=a−1a. With the right trigonometric substitution,
P′(a)=1√a2+1∫π/2x1dx
Where x1=arctan1√a2+1. Then using
arctan1x=π2−arctanx
We have that
P′(a)=1√a2+1arctan√a2+1
So we end up with something I don't know how to to deal with (what a surprise)
P(a)=∫arctan√a2+1da√a2+1
Could you help me out with this last one? Thanks.
Answer
J=∫π/20ln(2+sin2x2−sin2x)dx2x=t=12∫π0ln(1+12sint1−12sint)dt=∫π20ln(1+12sinx1−12sinx)dx
Now let's consider the following integral:
I(a)=∫π20ln(1+sinasinx1−sinasinx)dx⇒I′(a)=2∫π20sinasinx1−sin2asin2xdx
=2sina∫π20sinxcos2x+cot2adx=2sinaarctan(xtana)|10=2asina
I(0)=0⇒J=I(π6)=2∫π60xsinxdx
=2∫π60x(ln(tanx2))′dx=2xln(tanx2)|π60−2∫π60ln(tanx2)dx=
x2=t=π3ln(2−√3)−4∫π120ln(tant)dt=π3ln(2−√3)+83G G is the Catalan's constant and for the last integral see here.
Also note that there's a small mistake. After integrating by parts you should have: 2I=π24√3−∫∞0(x2−1)arctanxx4+x2+1dx=π24√3−12∫∞0ln(x2−x+1x2+x+1)dx1+x2⏟=J
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