For given positive integers r,v,n let S(r,v,n) denote the number of n-tuples of nonnegative integers (x1,…,xn) satisfying the equation x1+⋯+xn=r and such that xi≤v for i=1,…,n. Prove that S(r,v,n) = \sum_{k=0}^m (-1)^k \binom{n}{k} \binom{r-(v+1)k+n-1}{n-1}, where m = \min\left\{n,\left[\frac{r}{v+1}\right]\right\}.
If v \geq r, then we see that the sum is just \binom{n+r-1}{n-1}, which is the number of nonnegative integer solutions to x_1+\cdots+x_n = r. If v < r, then how do we get the formula? How is v+1 involved?
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