Saturday, April 22, 2017

big list - What is the most unusual proof you know that $sqrt{2}$ is irrational?



What is the most unusual proof you know that $\sqrt{2}$ is irrational?



Here is my favorite:





Theorem: $\sqrt{2}$ is irrational.



Proof:
$3^2-2\cdot 2^2 = 1$.




(That's it)



That is a corollary of

this result:




Theorem:
If $n$ is a positive integer
and there are positive integers
$x$ and $y$ such that
$x^2-ny^2 = 1$,
then
$\sqrt{n}$ is irrational.





The proof is in two parts,
each of which
has a one line proof.



Part 1:




Lemma: If

$x^2-ny^2 = 1$,
then there are arbitrarily large integers
$u$ and $v$ such that
$u^2-nv^2 = 1$.




Proof of part 1:




Apply the identity

$(x^2+ny^2)^2-n(2xy)^2
=(x^2-ny^2)^2
$
as many times as needed.




Part 2:




Lemma: If

$x^2-ny^2 = 1$
and
$\sqrt{n} = \frac{a}{b}$
then
$x < b$.




Proof of part 2:





$1
= x^2-ny^2
= x^2-\frac{a^2}{b^2}y^2
= \frac{x^2b^2-y^2a^2}{b^2}
$
or
$b^2
= x^2b^2-y^2a^2
= (xb-ya)(xb+ya)
\ge xb+ya

> xb
$
so
$x < b$.




These two parts
are contradictory,
so
$\sqrt{n}$

must be irrational.



Two things to note about
this proof.



First,
this does not need
Lagrange's theorem
that for every
non-square positive integer $n$

there are
positive integers $x$ and $y$
such that
$x^2-ny^2 = 1$.



Second,
the key property of
positive integers needed
is that
if $n > 0$

then
$n \ge 1$.


Answer



Suppose that $\sqrt{2} = a/b$, with $a,b$ positive integers. Meaning $a = b\sqrt{2}$. Consider $$A = \{ m \in \Bbb Z \mid m > 0 \text{ and }m\sqrt{2} \in \Bbb Z \}.$$



Well, $A \neq \varnothing$, because $b \in A$. By the well-ordering principle, $A$ has a least element, $s$. And $s,s\sqrt{2} \in \Bbb Z_{>0}$. Then consider the integer: $$r= s\sqrt{2}-s.$$
We have $r =s(\sqrt{2}-1) < s$, and $r > 0$. But $r\sqrt{2} = 2s-s\sqrt{2}$ is again an integer. Hence $r \in A$ and $r < s$, contradiction.


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