Wednesday, July 6, 2016

real analysis - Convergence and divergence of series when changing finite number of summands



I found a text saying that adding or changing only a finite number of summands does not have an effect on the convergence/divergence of the series. This is shown by the following argumentation:




Let k=n1ak and k=n2bk be two series with (sn)nn1 and (tn)tn2 their partial sums. Let's suppose there exists an N so that ak=bk for alle kN, than we have



sn=nk=n1ak=an1+an1+1++aN1+nk=Nak and



tn=nk=n2bk=bn2+bn2+1++bN1+nk=Nak=sn(an1+an1+1++aN1)+(bn2+bn2+1++bN1)



for all nN. Hence, both (sn)nn1 and (tn)tn2 are either convergent or divergent.



Unfortunately I do not see why (sn)nn1 and (tn)tn2 are either convergent or divergent following this calculation. Moreover I also don't get why this is showing that a finite number of changes to the summands of the series does not change the convergence behaviour of the series.

Can someone please help me understanding this proof.


Answer



Suppose lim,
and
\begin{align}t_n &= s_n - \left(a_{n_1} + a_{n_1+1} + \ldots + a_{N-1}\right) + \left(b_{n_2} + b_{n_2+1} + \ldots + b_{N-1}\right).\end{align}



We can let \left(a_{n_1} + a_{n_1+1} + \ldots + a_{N-1}\right) - \left(b_{n_2} + b_{n_2+1} + \ldots + b_{N-1}\right)=C, a constant that is independent of n, then we have



t_n = s_n - C




then we have



\begin{align}\lim_{n \to \infty}t_n &= \lim_{n \to \infty}s_n - C\end{align}



Hence \begin{align} \lim_{n \to \infty}s_n =t+ C\end{align}



That is s_n converges as well.




Similarly, we can argue that if s_n converges, then t_n converges.


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