Does anybody have any thoughts about how to integrate
I=∫π20x(logtanx)2n+1dx
for integral n where n≥1
In the case n=0
∫π20xlogtanxdx=λ(3)=78ζ(3)
I have managed to integrate the function when the exponent is even, that is (logtanx)2n, using the substitution y=(π2−x) over the two intervals [0,π4] and [π4,π2], but the same trick does not apply in regard to the odd powers.
Basically via integration by parts I am left with the repeated integral
∫π20∫x0(logtanu)2n+1dudx
As far as I know (logtanu)2n+1 does not have a definite integral I can use, so I am stuck. I've tried a few substitutions and those have not helped. Any ideas how I might proceed?
Some Added Background Notes
- To obtain a function more suitable for numerical integration use the substitution u=logtanx to give
∫π20x(logtanx)ndx=∫+∞−∞arctan(eu)uneu+e−udu
This shows that the integral I is closely related to the standard integral for the β(n) function. The analogous integral ∫∞0x(logtanhx)ndx via a similar change of variables is seen to be related to the standard integral for the λ(n) function.
Answer
By setting x=arctanu we are left with
I(n)=∫+∞0arctanu1+u2(logu)2n+1du=d2n+1dα2n+1∫+∞0uαarctanu1+u2du|α=0
but the integral in the RHS is related to the Beta function. By un-doing the previous substitution,
∫+∞0uαarctanu1+u2du=∫π/20x(sinx)α(cosx)−αdx
where we may write x as
\arcsin(\sin x)= \sum_{n\geq 0}\frac{(\sin x)^{2n+1}}{(2n+1)4^n}\binom{2n}{n}
leading to:
\int_{0}^{+\infty}\frac{u^{\alpha}\arctan u}{1+u^2}\,du=\sum_{n\geq 0}\frac{\binom{2n}{n}}{(2n+1)4^n}\cdot\frac{\Gamma\left(\frac{1}{2}-\frac{a}{2}\right)\, \Gamma\left(1+\frac{a}{2}+n\right)}{2\,\Gamma\left(\frac{3}{2}+n\right)}.
Now "it is enough" to differentiate both sides with respect to \alpha the correct number of times and perform an evaluation at \alpha=0 in order to convert the original integral in a "twisted hypergeometric series", whose terms depend both on hypergeometric terms and generalized harmonic numbers (arising from the differentiation of the Beta function).
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