Saturday, February 6, 2016

integration - Integrating intfracpi20x(logtanx)2n+1;dx



Does anybody have any thoughts about how to integrate



I=π20x(logtanx)2n+1dx




for integral n where n1



In the case n=0



π20xlogtanxdx=λ(3)=78ζ(3)



I have managed to integrate the function when the exponent is even, that is (logtanx)2n, using the substitution y=(π2x) over the two intervals [0,π4] and [π4,π2], but the same trick does not apply in regard to the odd powers.



Basically via integration by parts I am left with the repeated integral




π20x0(logtanu)2n+1dudx



As far as I know (logtanu)2n+1 does not have a definite integral I can use, so I am stuck. I've tried a few substitutions and those have not helped. Any ideas how I might proceed?



Some Added Background Notes




  1. To obtain a function more suitable for numerical integration use the substitution u=logtanx to give




π20x(logtanx)ndx=+arctan(eu)uneu+eudu



This shows that the integral I is closely related to the standard integral for the β(n) function. The analogous integral 0x(logtanhx)ndx via a similar change of variables is seen to be related to the standard integral for the λ(n) function.


Answer



By setting x=arctanu we are left with



I(n)=+0arctanu1+u2(logu)2n+1du=d2n+1dα2n+1+0uαarctanu1+u2du|α=0
but the integral in the RHS is related to the Beta function. By un-doing the previous substitution,
+0uαarctanu1+u2du=π/20x(sinx)α(cosx)αdx
where we may write x as

\arcsin(\sin x)= \sum_{n\geq 0}\frac{(\sin x)^{2n+1}}{(2n+1)4^n}\binom{2n}{n}
leading to:
\int_{0}^{+\infty}\frac{u^{\alpha}\arctan u}{1+u^2}\,du=\sum_{n\geq 0}\frac{\binom{2n}{n}}{(2n+1)4^n}\cdot\frac{\Gamma\left(\frac{1}{2}-\frac{a}{2}\right)\, \Gamma\left(1+\frac{a}{2}+n\right)}{2\,\Gamma\left(\frac{3}{2}+n\right)}.
Now "it is enough" to differentiate both sides with respect to \alpha the correct number of times and perform an evaluation at \alpha=0 in order to convert the original integral in a "twisted hypergeometric series", whose terms depend both on hypergeometric terms and generalized harmonic numbers (arising from the differentiation of the Beta function).


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