calculus - Is there any way to evaluate this limit without applying de l'Hôpital rule nor series expansion?

Is there a way to evaluate this limit:

$$\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sin(e^{\tan^2 x} - 1)}{\cos^{\frac35}(x) - \cos(x)}$$

without using de l'Hôpital rule and series expansion?

Thank you,

Answer

You should know the following limits: $$\begin{split}\lim_{y\to 0} \frac{\sin y}{y} &= 1\\ \lim_{y\to 0} \frac{e^y-1}{y} &= 1\\ \lim_{y\to 0} \frac{\tan y}{ y} &= 1\\ \lim_{y\to 0} \frac{(1+y)^\theta -1}{y} &= \theta \qquad \text{(}\forall \theta \in \mathbb{R}\text{)}\\ \lim_{y\to 0} \frac{1-\cos y}{y^2} &= \frac{1}{2}\end{split}$$ which can be proved using only elementary Calculus tools (i.e. without any Differential Calculus technique). These five limits are usually written as asymptotic relations in the following manner: $$\tag{1} \sin y \approx y$$ $$\tag{2} e^y-1 \approx y$$ $$\tag{3} \tan y \approx y$$ $$\tag{4} (1+y)^\theta -1 \approx \theta\ y$$ $$\tag{5} 1-\cos y \approx \frac{1}{2}\ y^2$$ as $y\to 0$. Using asymptotics (1) - (5) you find: $$\begin{split} \sin(e^{\tan^ 2 x} - 1) &\approx e^{\tan^2 x}-1 &\quad \text{by (1)}\\ &\approx \tan^2 x &\quad \text{by (2)}\\ &\approx x^2 &\quad \text{by (3)}\end{split}$$ $$\begin{split}\cos^{3/5}(x) - \cos(x) &= \Big(\big(1+(\cos x-1)\big)^{3/5} -1\Big) + \Big(1-\cos x\Big)\\ &\approx \frac{3}{5}\ (\cos x-1) + (1-\cos x) &\text{by (4) with } \theta =3/5\\ &= \frac{2}{5}\ (1-\cos x)\\ &\approx \frac{1}{5}\ x^2 &\text{by (5)}\end{split}$$ hence: $$\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sin(e^{\tan ^ 2 {x}} - 1)}{\cos^{\frac{3}{5}}(x) - \cos(x)} = \lim_{x\to 0} \frac{x^2}{\frac{1}{5}\ x^2}=5\; .$$