Find I:=lim using residues. Let f(z)= \frac{z \sin(3z)}{z ^2+4}. First define two contours:
\Gamma_1: z=t \text{ where } -R\leq t \leq R
\Gamma_2: z=Re^{i\theta} \text{ where } 0\leq \theta \leq \pi
And \Gamma_3=\Gamma_1+\Gamma_2. Basically \Gamma_3 is the closed half circle in the upper half of the complex plane and \Gamma_1 runs along the real axis from -R to R. Now we have:
I=\lim\limits_{R\to \infty}\int\limits_{\Gamma_1}f(z)dz=\lim\limits_{R\to \infty}\oint_{\Gamma_3}f(z)dz-\lim\limits_{R\to \infty}\int_{\Gamma_2}f(z)dz
We can compute \lim\limits_{R\to \infty}\oint_{\Gamma_3}f(z)dz=\lim\limits_{R\to \infty}\oint_{\Gamma_3}\frac{z\sin(3z)}{(z+2i)(z-2i)}dz fairly easily after recognizing that it has simple poles at z_0=\pm 2i and only z_0=2i is enclosed in \Gamma_3. By the residue theorem:
\lim\limits_{R\to \infty}\oint_{\Gamma_3}f(z)dz=2\pi i \left(\mathop{Res} _{z=2i}(f)\right)=2\pi i \lim\limits_{z\to 2i}(z-2i)f(z)=2\pi i \frac{2 i\sin(6 i)}{2 i +2i}=\pi i \sin(6i)
Now the only obstacle to finding the value of our original integral is finding \lim\limits_{R\to \infty}\int_{\Gamma_2}f(z)dz. If f(z) were such that the degree of the polynomial in the denominator was at least 2 higher then the polynomial in the numerator (ignoring the \sin) we could easily show that the integral vanishes. I still think this last integral should vanish but find it hard to show why. Any help would be appreciated. Also any suggestions on different methods of solving for I are welcome. Thanks!
Answer
You can't ignore sin, but you can deal with it virtuously. It blows up exponentially both in the upper and in the lower half-plane, but you can split it into its \mathrm e^{\mathrm ix} and \mathrm e^{-\mathrm ix} components and complete the contour in the upper half-plane for the former and the lower half-plane for the latter. This gives you exponential damping, so you no longer need another power of x in the denominator. If you did, you could get it by integrating by parts.
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